Elements to be Design in Building

Elements to be Design in Building:

1. Slabs
Two way & one way slabs stresses can be checked by Software Etabs or Sap but you must design slabs with the help of Nilson or Ferguson’s coefficients.I will give your slab design sheet later on
By using moment coefficient as defined in ACI code.but use ACI moment cofficients for Desgining of Bungalows not Multistoried budilings
Flat slabs must be designed by making columns & middle strips in SAFE Software.

2. Columns:

Columns can be designed manually if Bungalows . where there is no seismic effect considered but in multistoried buildings columns must be designed in Etabs or Sap Software or you can use PCA Col for Designing.

3. Beams:

Beams can be analyzed manually using GRASP Software & then designed for only Bungalows. Where no torsion or seismic effect or by using moment coefficient as defined in ACI Code but for multistory Buildings Beams must only be designed by Etabsor SAP Software.

4. Foundation:

For Bungalows as isolated Footings are design only for Gravity loading i.e no seismic effect therefore no need of using Software for isolated or for combined footings, isolated or combined footings can be designed by Nadeem Hassan Book or using excel spread sheet

If Bungalow has raft foundation then design it in SAFE Software
Now for multistory Building,

Isolated footing can be designed by SAFE Software but Safe gives extra moment & sizes of footing will come large for not so heavy loads. For that it will upload Excel Sheet for design of isolated footing.
But combined, raft & pile foundation must be designed by Safe Software.

5. Shearwalls:

Now first what is shearwall & why it is provided
A shear wall is a wall which is designed to resist shear, the lateral force which causes the bulk of damage in earthquakes. Many building codes mandate the use of shear walls to make homes safer and more stable, and learning about shear walls is an important part of an architectural education. Architects are obliged to think about shear walls and other safety features when they design a structure, so that they can accommodate the walls to make the structure sound while also aesthetically pleasing.

When a shear wall is built, it is constructed in the form of a line of heavily braced and reinforced panels. In some regions, shear walls are known as braced wall lines for this very reason. The wall ideally connects two exterior walls, and also braces other shear walls in the structure. Bracing is accomplished with metal brackets and heavy timbers or support beams which keep the shear wall strong and sturdy.
An effective shear wall is both stiff and strong. Stiffness alone will not be enough, as the stiffer something is, the more brittle is becomes; a cracker, for example, is stiff, but you couldn't rely on it in an earthquake. Strength alone is also not sufficient, because objects can be extremely strong, but still very giving. A stiff, strong wall, on the other hand, resists lateral forces while providing support.

In multi-story structures, shear walls are critical, because in addition to preventing the failure of exterior walls, they also support the multiple floors of the building, ensuring that they do not collapse as a result of lateral movement in an earthquake. When a building has a story without shear walls, or with poorly placed shear walls, it is known as a soft story building, referencing the idea that the story without reinforcement will be soft and vulnerable in a crisis.

Because shear walls are structural in nature, they cannot be moved or cut open. This is an important issue to consider when building a structure from the ground up; it's a good idea to think about how uses of the space might change, to ensure that a shear wall does not become a nuisance later. For people buying a home and thinking about remodeling, finding out which walls are shear walls and which walls are not is a very wise thing to do before purchase, in case remodeling plans hinge on the removal of a wall which cannot be touched.

See this below link for understanding of Shear Wall

http://www.digitalcanal.com/store/images/ShearWall200by350.bmp
Shearwall must only be designed in Software.

6. Basement Walls & Retaining Wall

It is designed in Sap Software for Multistory Buildings and for Bungalows designed manually byNadeem Hassan book or i will provide you Excel Sheets of both.

7. Ramp:

What is ramp & where & why it is provided?

Ramp is any inclined surface from one level to another , it is provided for handicap persons so that wheelchair or handicap motors can easily go down or up in ramp , also ramp is provided in basement parkings
See below links for Clear Understanding of Ramp

http://www.acessinc.com/images/562378L.jpg
http://files.coloribus.com/files/adsarchive/part_974/9748055/fiat-panda-parking-ramp-600-60095.jpg

It can be design in Etabs & Sap Software or manually, but I prefer to use software for designing

8. Stairs:
Stairs can be designed manually or using Sap Software .